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A bounding-surface elastoplastic model for water-soluble-epoxy-resin and coconut-shell-fiber treated calcareous sand with small-strain stiffness and cementation degradation
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DOI：10.1016/j.compgeo.2026.108481.png)
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Abstract
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The porous and friable nature of calcareous sand poses significant challenges for foundation reinforcement in tropical marine sites, where cement stabilization suffers from brittleness and bio-cementation methods face penetration and cost limitations. This study investigates a composite stabilization scheme combining water-soluble epoxy resin (WsER) and coconut shell fiber (CSF). Resonant column and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests were conducted across 12 mix-ratio combinations (WsER: 15%, 18%; CSF: 0.5%, 0.7%; fiber length: 1, 3, 5 cm) under confining pressures of 100-300 kPa. WsER cementation transforms the deformation mode from strain hardening to strain softening, increasing peak deviatoric stress three- to five-fold. A trade-off between cementation and friction is identified: increasing WsER content enhances cohesion but reduces the internal friction angle, while CSF content above 0.5% induces fiber agglomeration that diminishes cohesion, with the highest stiffness and strength among the tested proportions being obtained at 18% WsER, 0.5% CSF, and 5 cm fiber length. By introducing a material composition vector, normalized formulas linking mix ratios to maximum dynamic shear modulus, reference shear strain, and peak strength are established. A bounding-surface elastoplastic model incorporating small-strain stiffness correction and cementation degradation is then developed within the critical state framework, enabling direct mapping from mix proportions to constitutive parameters and substantially reducing case-by-case recalibration. Implemented via an ABAQUS UMAT subroutine, the model reproduces initial stiffness, peak strength, and residual strength across all test conditions. The framework provides a predictive tool for marine reclamation design; extension to drained, cyclic, and long-term durability conditions is required before field deployment.
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