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A History-vector based Encryption strategy to improve lifetime of Non-Volatile Main Memory
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DOI：10.1016/j.sysarc.2026.103892.png)
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Abstract
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Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) are viewed as potential substitutes for DRAM in main memories. However, the non-volatility feature leads to the theft of sensitive data due to extended data retention. Although encryption provides strong data protection, it degrades memory lifetime due to the high amount of encryption-induced bit-flips. This paper proposes a technique called HiParEnc that partially re-encrypts the data block during write-back. It re-encrypts only the modified segments of the data blocks with appropriate counters while keeping the other segments in their previous encrypted version. History vectors are maintained to keep track of the appropriate counters used for encrypting each segment. Additionally, we present an endurance-oriented variant of HiParEnc called HiParEnc_V, that selectively relaxes confidentiality guarantees by exploiting the presence of the recurring byte patterns in the incoming data to bring down the bit-flips further. Our results demonstrate bit-flip reductions of 69.9% and 71.6% and lifetime improvements of 3.3 × and 3.5 × over the baseline by HiParEnc and HiParEnc_V, respectively. This considerable improvement demonstrates the utility of our proposed methods.
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