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A modular framework for color image watermarking
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DOI：10.1016/j.sigpro.2015.07.018.png)
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摘要
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We present an algorithm for fragile watermarking of color, or multi-channel, images either in-uncompressed format, in lossless compressed format, or in compressed format with locally compressed units (like JPEG). The watermark is embedded into the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) coefficients of the host image, and the security of the method is based on the secrecy of the KLT basis computed from a corresponding secret key image. The watermark bits may be embedded with various methods, in particular the use of syndrome coding has proven flexible and effective. Genetic Algorithms (GM) are used to find the optimum pixel modification leading to the watermark embedding. The resulting watermarked images have shown to have both a high objective quality (in terms Of PSNR and SSIM) and a high subjective quality (tested by a group of observers). At the same time, the watermark extraction is very sensitive to small (+/- 1 intensity level for single pixel) modifications, ensuring image authentication with very high probability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keyword:
Color linage
Compressed image
Information hiding
Fragile watermarking
Genetic Algorithms
Karhunen-Loeve transform
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