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A Single-Source Pilot Study of Machine Learning-Assisted Microwave S-Parameter Screening for Glucose Syrup and Water Adulteration in Grape Molasses
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DOI：10.3390/s26165114.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Grape molasses, known as pekmez in Turkish, is a traditional concentrated fruit product that may be adulterated with cheaper sweeteners or water. This study evaluated broadband microwave S-parameter measurements as a rapid, non-destructive screening approach for detecting glucose syrup substitution and water dilution in grape molasses. Nine physical mixture groups were prepared, including pure grape molasses, glucose syrup–substituted mixtures at 5–30%, pure glucose syrup as an endpoint reference, and water-diluted mixtures at 10–30%. For each group, five consecutive technical measurements were recorded using a Libre vector network analyzer connected to a WR-229 waveguide-based two-port setup over 3.30–4.90 GHz. All mixtures were prepared from a single commercial grape molasses source and a single glucose syrup source; the results should therefore be interpreted as pilot-scale, single-source evidence rather than a generalizable screening method. Glucose syrup substitution produced a systematic upward shift in S11 resonance frequency. In the practical 0–30% range, S11 resonance frequency showed a strong linear relationship with glucose syrup content on the calibration data (R2 = 0.9955; inverse prediction error = 0.72 percentage points), though this reflects calibration fit rather than independently validated prediction accuracy. Water dilution produced stronger S21 attenuation. The detection principle is based on the complementary use of S11 resonance behavior for glucose syrup substitution and S21 transmission loss for water dilution. In group-blocked point-wise classification, the Ensemble Bagged Trees classifier achieved 88.79% accuracy and a macro-F1 score of 0.874. These results indicate that S11 and S21 provide complementary proof-of-concept indicators for controlled-mixture screening of grape molasses adulteration.
Keywords:
grape molasses
food adulteration
microwave sensing
S-parameters
machine learning
group-blocked validation
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3.5
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7.1W
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20.9W
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