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An overview on multi-scale design of ultra-high toughness geopolymer composite (UHTGCC)
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2026.106656.png)
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Abstract
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Despite rapid progress in the development of ultra-high toughness geopolymer composite (UHTGCC), the literature lacks a unified multi-scale understanding to elucidate how matrix, fiber, and fiber-matrix interface collectively govern macroscopic toughness. This review employs the micromechanical framework of ultra-high toughness cementitious composites (UHTCC) to synthesize the literature and analyze how micromechanical parameters relate to macroscopic tensile performance. At the microscale, published studies highlight the critical role of fiber-matrix interfaces in controlling crack initiation and stress transfer. At the mesoscale, fiber bridging and crack propagation patterns are identified as essential mechanisms for achieving pseudo-strain-hardening behavior. Across the reviewed studies, the macroscopic toughness arises from the synergistic interaction of these micro- and meso-scale mechanisms rather than any single dominant factor. From a sustainability perspective, findings indicate that UHTGCC can substantially reduce embodied energy and carbon emissions through the incorporation of industrial by-products, with reductions of about 50-80% compared with conventional UHTCC. Consequently, the review highlights the need for quantitative multi-scale design methodologies as a critical future research direction for advancing the development of low-carbon, high-performance UHTGCC.
Keywords:
UHTGCC
multi-scale design
fiber-matrix interface
pseudo-strain-hardening
sustainability
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