Annealing–induced structural regulation of PVA/PAA/Fe3+–PANI triple–network hydrogels for enhanced mechanical robustness and stable strain sensing

Yanbo Liu

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106870

Annealing–induced structural regulation of PVA/PAA/Fe3+–PANI triple–network hydrogels for enhanced mechanical robustness and stable strain sensing

2026-07-14

0

PRE

AI

Y

Yanbo Liu

Z

Zhixue Yu

Z

Ziyi Zhang

C

Chunshan Zhao *

DOI：10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106870

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Abstract

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• Synergy of triple-network and annealing yields 3.9 MPa strength and 380% elongation. • High sensitivity (GF = 2.41) and fast response (330 ms) ensure reliable sensing. • The hydrogel maintains robust mechanical integrity in high-salinity seawater. • Accurate real-time detection of both subtle physiological and large joint motions.

Keywords:

Flexible strain sensors

Hydrogels

Conductive polymers

Polyvinyl alcohol

Polyacrylic acid

Annealing–induced structural regulation of PVA/PAA/Fe3+–PANI triple–network hydrogels for enhanced mechanical robustness and stable strain sensing

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