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Biosorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Using Forest-Derived Humin from Semi-Arid Soil: Thermodynamic Optimization and Reusability for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
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DOI：10.1134/S1064229325604457.png)
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Abstract
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Humin isolated from Ajloun forest Vertisol soil (Jordan) was extracted, purified and comprehensively characterised (elemental analysis, FT-IR, solid-/solution-state 13C-NMR, XRD, TGA, BET and SEM) to evaluate its suitability as a low-cost biosorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous media. The material exhibits a Type III pore network (BET 7.8 m(2)/g; dominant pores 24-55 & Aring;) enriched in carboxyl- and phenolic-oxygen sites. Batch experiments (pH 4-6; 25-45 degrees C) showed rapid pseudo-second-order uptake with Langmuir capacities up to 59.5 mg/g for Ni(II) and 51.3 mg/g for Pb(II); separation factors (0.037 <= RL <= 0.503) confirmed favorable sorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed endothermic, entropy-driven processes (Delta H degrees 97-736 kJ/mol; Delta S degrees 0.28-2.43 kJ/mol K), with spontaneous binding of Pb(II) and Cd(II) above pH 5. Fixed-bed tests (1000 mg/L, 1 mL/min) ranked instantaneous uptake Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, reflecting hydration-controlled kinetics; >96% of all metals were recovered with 0.1 M HNO3, indicating excellent regenerability. Compared with recent humic and biochar analogues, Ajloun humin offers equal or higher capacities at lower reagent demand, supporting a two-stage, pH- and temperature-tuned workflow for sustainable Mediterranean wastewater treatment.
Keywords:
Ajloun Vertisol
humic fraction
cation exchange capacity
adsorption kinetics
Langmuir isotherm
fixed-bed column
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