Brick kilns across India: A temporal analysis of brick kiln distribution and technology types

Sugandha Arora

doi:10.1016/j.jag.2026.105496

Brick kilns across India: A temporal analysis of brick kiln distribution and technology types

2026-08-10

0

OA

AI

S

Sugandha Arora *

C

Clément Goldmann

S

Stefan Oehmcke

J

Jan Pauls

C

Chuanlong Zhou

A

Abhinav Sharma

K

Kushal Tibrewal

H

Harish Phuleria

F

Fabian Gieseke

P

Philippe Ciais

DOI：10.1016/j.jag.2026.105496

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Abstract

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• Provides the first nationwide multi-year brick kiln maps of India (2019–2025) using 10 m resolution satellite imagery. • Introduces MuTBriK, a large annotated dataset covering five kiln types. • Proposes a confusion-aware loss that separates visually similar classes, reaching 93% detection and 81% classification accuracy (+5% over baseline). • Detects 48,928 kilns in the year 2025. • Reveals a growing adoption of cleaner Zigzag kiln technology over time.

Keywords:

Air pollution

Brick kilns

Deep learning

India

National mapping

Brick kilns across India: A temporal analysis of brick kiln distribution and technology types

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