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City low-carbon transitions: Varied pathways and drivers behind the adoption of increasingly ambitious climate policies
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DOI：10.1016/j.erss.2025.104483.png)
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Abstract
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The future of cities' climate leadership depends on their adoption of increasingly ambitious policies. Focusing on 10 cities across the United States, this study examines their climate actions over time and analyzes what factors explain when and why they enacted low-carbon transition policies. The study adapts and extends the multi-level perspective of socio-technical transitions, together with the multiple streams framework, drawing on policy official interviews to assess policy adoption in each city. The findings indicate that cities with varied policy histories and a range of political, social, economic, and energy system conditions can enact ambitious policies. A combination of several but often varying nudge factors can drive policy adoption, including policy entrepreneurs leading or asserting pressure, community activism, changes in mayor or city council, local climate impacts, state actions, and peer government actions. There are multiple pathways to low-carbon transition policies that are open to cities with diverse characteristics, underscoring the opportunity for more ambitious climate actions in more places.
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