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Climate Risk Perception and Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Hybrid Rice Technology in Southern Togo
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DOI：10.1002/fes3.70236.png)
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Abstract
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Rising climate variability is exerting growing pressure on agricultural production systems and food security across West Africa, necessitating the development and adoption of technologies that enhance productivity and adaptive capacity under uncertain climatic conditions. This study examines smallholder farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for hybrid rice seed as a climate-resilient innovation in southern Togo. Using survey data from 408 households and a double-bounded contingent valuation approach, the study estimates both the level and determinants of farmers' WTP for hybrid rice seed. The results indicate that 83% of farmers express a positive willingness to pay, with an average of 720 West African CFA francs (XOF) per kilogram, approximately 45% higher than the prevailing price of conventional rice seed. Econometric analysis reveals that exposure to climate shocks, farming experience, income diversification, access to credit, and contact with agricultural extension services significantly increase WTP. In contrast, perceived high input costs significantly reduce farmers' willingness to invest in hybrid seed technology. The analysis further uncovers substantial heterogeneity across gender, location, and farming experience, suggesting that adoption incentives and constraints vary considerably among farmer groups. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of climate risk perception and institutional support in shaping demand for climate-resilient agricultural technologies. From a policy perspective, the study provides actionable insights for scaling climate-smart agriculture and strengthening food system resilience through improved access to finance, climate-informed extension, and the development of robust national seed systems. Enhancing these enabling conditions can promote wider adoption of hybrid rice, improve productivity, and support more sustainable and adaptive agricultural systems under climate uncertainty.
Keywords:
climate risk perception
climate-smart agriculture
double-bounded contingent valuation
food security
hybrid rice technology
willingness to pay (WTP)
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