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Complex microstructure evolution under the combined effect of planar biaxial loading and temperature in SS316L stainless steel
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DOI：10.1007/s10853-026-13475-4.png)
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Abstract
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316L stainless steel exhibits dynamic strain aging (DSA) within the temperature range of 200–600 °C and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) at temperatures of 800 °C and above, under uniaxial tensile deformation. However, systematic studies investigating these phenomena under planar biaxial tensile loading at elevated temperatures remain limited. The present study provides a comprehensive, stress state-dependent comparative analysis of dynamic strain aging and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) in SS316L under both uniaxial and biaxial tensile loading, at 400, 500, and 600 °C at a constant effective strain rate of 1 × 10−3 s−1. Under uniaxial loading, classical DSA behavior is observed with critical plastic strains (εc) initiating between 0.0043 and 0.0025, transitioning from discontinuous Type D serrations at 400–500 °C to mixed Type A + B serrations at 600 °C. Uniaxial critical strain kinetics yield an average exponent (m + β) of 12.72, with apparent activation energies (Qact) shifting from 228 kJ/mol at 400 °C (consistent with bulk substitutional lattice diffusion) to 117 kJ/mol at 500 °C and 80 kJ/mol at 600 °C (indicative of dislocation pipe diffusion). In contrast, equi-biaxial loading acts as a kinetic catalyst for CDRX, effectively suppressing macroscopic serrations at 400 and 600 °C with only minor flow instabilities at 500 °C. Strain-hardening (θ–σ) analysis reveals an earlier onset of dynamic softening under biaxial constraint. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis using a grain orientation spread threshold of GOS ≤ 2.6° confirms enhanced subgrain evolution, a higher volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized grains, and a rapid conversion of low-angle (2° ≤ θ < 15°) to high-angle (θ ≥ 15°) grain boundaries at equivalent effective strains. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the biaxial stress state critically governs the competitive kinetics between solute pinning and boundary mobility by accelerating dislocation storage and lowering the threshold conditions required to initiate CDRX.
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