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Comprehensive review of lead-free bismuth halide perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications
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DOI：10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118145.png)
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Abstract
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In the past decade, lead halide perovskite has gained greater attention for its superior photovoltaic device performance, achieving a power conversion efficiency of over 27% and competing with conventional silicon solar cells. Nevertheless, it is limited to large-scale production and commercialization due to the presence of toxic lead metal and its crystal structure instability under ambient conditions. Therefore, research is moving towards leadfree organic/inorganic halide perovskite photoactive materials for efficient energy conversion (photovoltaic applications). Tin, Germanium, Bismuth, and Antimony are alternatives to lead; unfortunately, Sn2 + and Ge2+ are prone to oxidation when exposed to air. Bismuth is a promising candidate for substitution due to its robust chemical stability, a similar electronic configuration and optoelectronic properties, and lower toxicity. In this review, in-depth detailed analyses of bismuth halide perovskite and derivative device performance are discussed. Bismuth halide double perovskite photovoltaic applications are also briefly explained. Eventually, the changes, limitations, and future prospects of organic/inorganic bismuth perovskite materials for next-generation solar cells are described.
Keywords:
Perovskite Solar cell
Lead-free
Bismuth
Double halide perovskite
Device structure
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