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Contamination and Adulteration of Food Supplements: Risk Perception and Regulatory Awareness in Recreational Athletes
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DOI：10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106106.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• High food supplement (FS) use with limited regulatory and safety awareness. • 95% of participants failed to identify the legal definition of FS. • FS users and non-users differ in perceived interactions and overdose risk. • The perception score identified gaps in awareness of contamination/adulteration. • Perceived harms mainly involve cardiovascular, hepatic, endocrine, and renal toxicity.
Keywords:
Food supplements
Safety perception
Contamination
Adulteration
Toxicological risk
Recreational athletes
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