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Effect of ultrasonic surface rolling load on gradient microstructure evolution and surface integrity of 316LN stainless steel
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102818.png)
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Abstract
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To optimize the surface integrity and near-surface strengthening response of 316LN stainless steel for demanding service environments such as nuclear power and deep-sea engineering, the effects of ultrasonic surface rolling (USR) load (0–1400 N) on gradient microstructure evolution, surface integrity, and near-surface property evolution were systematically investigated. With increasing load, surface hardness rose to above 360 HV and the thickness of the strengthened layer expanded to ∼600 μm, both approaching saturation beyond 1000 N. The residual stress state evolved from tensile to compressive, reaching a maximum compressive level at 1000 N, while further load increase resulted in a slight reduction in compressive residual stress. Concurrently, surface roughness was minimized at 1000 N (Ra = 0.38 μm), accompanied by the formation of an optimized hierarchical gradient microstructure consisting of a nanocrystalline/submicron-grained surface layer, an intermediate fibrous-grain transition layer (∼100 μm), and a deeper equiaxed-grain region (∼500 μm) dominated by low-angle grain boundaries. These results demonstrate that a USR load of 1000 N establishes the most favorable balance between deformation-induced grain refinement and surface integrity preservation,thereby delivering the optimal combination of surface integrity enhancement and near-surface strengthening.
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