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Effects of leading-edge vortex and tip vortex on a two-element wingsail
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DOI：10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2026.104551.png)
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Abstract
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Understanding the roles of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) and tip vortex (TV) is essential for improving the aerodynamic performance of two-element wingsails operating at high angles of attack. In this study, Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) is performed at a chord Reynolds number of 2.8 & times; 105 for two angles of attack, alpha = 30 degrees and 40 degrees. The results show that the wing produces approximately 35% higher lift at alpha = 30 degrees than that at alpha = 40 degrees. This improvement is primarily attributed to a stronger and more stable LEV that remains closer to the suction surface, thereby sustaining a stronger low-pressure region. In contrast, TV-induced downwash generates an adverse pressure gradient near the flap tip, which disrupts local LEV development and reduces its lift contribution. The analysis also reveals a tornado-like vortex (TLV) near the wing tip, whose suction varies approximately out of phase with the leading-edge suction, thereby smoothing the temporal variation of suction loading and potentially reducing the amplitude of lift fluctuations in the tip region. Overall, the present results clarify how LEV and TV influence both aerodynamic loading and its spanwise non-uniformity, and suggest that suction-side flow control and tip-region structural reinforcement are promising directions for design optimization under practical operating conditions.
Keywords:
Two-element wingsail
Tip vortex
Leading-edge vortex
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