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Electrical stimulation as an emerging strategy in bone repair: Mechanisms, applications, and advances
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DOI：10.1016/j.jot.2026.101177.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The treatment of critical-sized bone defects remains a substantial clinical challenge in orthopaedics. Electrical stimulation (ES), which mimics the endogenous bioelectric and piezoelectric properties of bone tissue, has emerged as a promising non-invasive modality to facilitate bone regeneration. This review elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms through which ES coordinately enhances osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation resolution, primarily via the regulation of key signalling pathways and modulation of the immune microenvironment at molecular and cellular levels. We also highlight recent advances in the integration of ES with electroactive biomaterials, enabling more targeted and efficacious therapeutic outcomes. Robust clinical evidence supports the ability of ES to significantly accelerate fracture healing, underscoring its translational relevance and potential for broad clinical adoption. By synthesizing these developments, this review aims to inform and inspire the design of next-generation bone regeneration strategies.
Keywords:
Bioelectricity
Bone regeneration
Electrical stimulation
Fracture healing
Translational medicine
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