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End-of-life or third life? Rethinking electric vehicle battery retirement for energy storage in developing countries
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DOI：10.1016/j.est.2026.123985.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Novel cascading framework routes EV batteries through second and third life stages. • Defines specific SOH bands for second (60–80%) and third life (40–60%) suitability • Maps third-life batteries to standby roles like UPS under strict derating • Provides an eight-pillar policy framework for safe use in developing countries • Synthesizes technical and regulatory evidence into an actionable routing guide
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9.8
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10.1W
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