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Energy loss analysis of a large-scale reverse electrodialysis stack: Contributions of water and salt transport
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DOI：10.1016/j.desal.2026.120590.png)
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Abstract
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• Water and salt transport were quantified in a large-scale RED stack. • Energy losses were decomposed into water, salt, and other contributions. • Non-electrical salt transport dominated losses with seawater feeds. • Water transport caused significant losses with RO brine feeds. • Flow rate strongly influenced dominant loss mechanisms in RED stacks.
Keywords:
Salinity gradient energy
Reverse electrodialysis
Large-scale stack
Energy analysis
Water permeation
Salt permeation
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