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Extreme rainfall–triggered lahars from non-cone-centered sediment sources at Taal Volcano
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DOI：10.1007/s00445-026-02000-9.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Severe Tropical Storm Trami produced a deadly lahar disaster around Taal Lake, southern Luzon, Philippines, in October 2024. The most severe impacts were in coastal communities around Taal Lake, where destructive lahars originated not from the active volcanic vent but from multiple sediment sources along the steep walls of the Taal caldera. This study investigates the processes that led to this disaster and evaluates a caldera-wide, distributed-source lahar system, here termed a non-cone-centered lahar system driven by cascading interrelationships among volcanic, geomorphic, and hydrometeorological factors. Satellite imagery, drone surveys, field mapping, sedimentological analyses, and rainfall reconstruction indicate that lahars were the dominant cause of destruction. Approximately 22.86 km2 of land was affected by landslides, mainly in Batangas Province within the municipalities of Talisay, Laurel, and Agoncillo. Substantial tephra deposits were delivered here during the January 2020 eruption of Taal Volcano. Grain-size and component analyses show that the 2024 lahar deposits were dominated by vitric, crystal, and lithic volcanic fragments derived from remobilized eruption deposits. Lahars of this magnitude occurred four years after the eruption and were likely triggered by extreme rainfall reaching up to 425.5 mm in 24 h, corresponding to an estimated 120-year return period. Field evidence of older boulder-rich deposits indicates that high-magnitude lahar activity has happened in the study area prior to historical documentation. These results demonstrate that caldera settings can sustain long-lived, spatially distributed lahar hazards, in which extreme rainfall can remobilize eruption-derived sediments from non-cone-centered sources several years after eruptive activity has ceased or significantly waned.
Keywords:
Taal Volcano
Lahars
Landslides
Tephra remobilization
Multihazards
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