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Fighting against diffraction: apodization and near field diffraction structures
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DOI：10.1002/lpor.201100009.png)
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摘要
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Diffraction is a natural phenomenon, which occurs when waves propagate or encounter an obstacle. Diffraction is also a fundamental aspect of modern optics: all imaging systems are diffraction systems. However, like a coin has two sides, diffraction also leads to some unfavorable effects, such as an increase in the size of a beam during propagation, and a limited minimal beam size after focusing. To overcome these disadvantages set by diffraction, many techniques have been developed by various groups, including apodization techniques to reduce the divergence of a laser beam and increase the resolution, and time reversal, STED microscopy, super lenses and optical antennas to obtain resolution down to nano-scale. This review concentrates on the diffraction of electromagnetic waves, and the ways to overcome beam divergence and the diffraction limit.
Keyword:
Diffraction
nondiffracting
diffraction limit
superresolution
evanescent wave
time reversal
STED microscopy
super lens
optical antenna
STORM microscopy
high focal depth
apodization
longitudinal polarization
nano-optics
nano-photonics
nanoscopy
microscopy
nano-focusing
nano-lithography
beam shaping
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