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Helmholtz versus Casimir forces in the Gaussian model: Exact results
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DOI：10.1016/j.aop.2026.170623.png)
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Abstract
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• Fluctuation-induced forces exist in any system undergoing second-order phase transitions. • They depend on the statistical ensembles and also the boundary conditions imposed on the system. • We study, within the Gaussian model, two fluctuation-induced forces—the Casimir one (as a function of temperature T and the external magnetic field h ), and the Helmholtz force (as a function of T and the average magnetization m ), in which the average value of the system is fixed equal to that of the external environment.
Keywords:
Phase transitions
Critical phenomena
Finite-size scaling
Exact results
Thermodynamic ensembles
Critical Casimir effect
Helmholtz force
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5.4K
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