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High-performance piezocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in lead-free (1 − x)Ba0.85Sr0.15TiO3–xCoFe2O4 composite ceramics
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DOI：10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.08.013.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In this study, (1 − x)Ba0.85Sr0.15TiO3 − xCoFe2O4 (BST/CFO) multiferroic composites (x = 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45) were successfully synthesized via solid − state reaction. Rietveld refinement of X − ray diffraction data and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the coexistence of tetragonal BST perovskite and cubic CFO spinel phases, without any detected secondary phases. SEM analysis revealed a uniform distribution of CFO nanoparticles within the BST matrix and showed that the composite with x = 0.15 has a smaller average grain size compared to the other samples. The incorporation of the magnetic CFO phase leads to a decrease in ferroelectric properties, with remnant polarization (P r ) decreasing from 1.26 to 0.69 μ C/cm 2 , and the maximum polarization (P s ) from 9.28 to 1.61 μ C/cm 2 , accompanied by a reduction in the piezoelectric coefficient (d 33∗ ). However, the x = 0.15 composite exhibited a higher d 33∗ compared to x = 0.30 and 0.45, indicating an optimal CFO content for functional performance. Electrical analysis showed that the x = 0.15 composite has lower activation energies (E a = 0.34 and 0.89 eV) and higher Z ′′ values at room temperature, favoring efficient migration of charge carriers to the surface under mechanical stress and enhancing piezocatalytic activity. UV-vis analysis revealed a modification of the band gap upon CFO addition. Piezocatalytic tests demonstrated that the BST/CFO composite with x = 0.15 exhibited a maximum RhB degradation efficiency of 92%, with a degradation rate constant of 13.13 × 10−3 min−1. The pellet exhibited excellent reusability over multiple cycles, and XRD and SEM analyses confirmed its structural and morphological stability. These results highlight the multifunctional behavior of BST/CFO composites and their potential as stable, reusable materials for water pollution treatment and the efficient degradation of organic pollutants.
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