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How do science and technology help to address societal problems? A practical typology of contributions
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J
DOI：10.1093/scipol/scag053.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Organizations worldwide spend trillions of dollars each year on research and development to address societal problems, but much research is not scoped to achieve needed contributions. Research strategy needs improved understanding of the different contributions that research and development can make to the address of societal problems; of when each type of contribution is needed; and of how to identify research projects with the potential to achieve each contribution. I outline three different scientific activities—problem description and attribution, option assessment and evaluation, and option identification and development—and the different contributions they can make to societal problems exhibiting value consensus and value dissensus. Based on these activities, I articulate two ‘catechisms’ intended to help identify when each contribution is needed and what kinds of research are most likely to achieve each.
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