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Hydrobraille: Water-responsive tactile surface morphing
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DOI：10.1016/j.eml.2026.102482.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Confined hydrogel swelling drives surface protrusions through an elastic membrane • An energy-balance model predicts extrusion height across geometries and material parameters • Experiments and simulations validate the scaling framework • Applications span tactile graphics, wearable sensing, and condensation mitigation
Keywords:
Hydrogel swelling
Surface protrusions
Elastic membrane
Tactile graphics
Wearable sensing
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