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Immune cell dynamics in myocardial infarction: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and translational Perspectives
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DOI：10.1016/j.jare.2026.07.054.png)
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Abstract
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• Immune responses after MI orchestrate injury, repair, and cardiac remodeling. • Neutrophils and macrophages dominate early inflammation and debris clearance. • Adaptive immune cells regulate resolution, fibrosis, and scar maturation. • Single-cell and spatial omics reveal diverse immune cell subsets after MI. • Immune–stromal interactions shape angiogenesis, fibrosis, and tissue repair. • Precision immunomodulation emerges as a promising strategy for MI therapy.
Keywords:
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
AhR
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Ang
Angiotensin
Arg
Arginine
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
AV
Atrioventricular
BAFF–R
B-cell-activating factor receptor
Breg
Regulatory B cell
CAR-T
Chimeric antigen receptor T
CCL
C–C motif chemokine ligand
CCR
C–C chemokine receptor type 2
CD
Cluster of differentiation
cDC
Classical DC
CSF
Colony-Stimulating factor
CX3CR1
CX3C chemokine receptor 1
Cx43
Connexin 43
CXCL
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
CXCR
C-X-C chemokine receptor
DC
Dendritic cell
DEX
DC–derived exosome
DNase
Deoxyribonuclease
ECM
Extracellular matrix
ECP
Eosinophilic cationic protein
FAP
Fibroblast activation protein
FOXP
Forkhead box P
GC
Germinal center
GDF
growth differentiation factor
Grn
Granulin
HIF
Hypoxia-inducible factor
IFN
Interferon
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor
IgG
Immunoglobulin G
IL
Interleukin
ITE
2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(2-thiazolyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone
LVEF
Left ventricular ejection fraction
Ly6C
Lymphocyte antigen 6 complex
LYVE
Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor
M1
Classically activated macrophage
M2
Alternatively activated macrophage
MERTK
Mer tyrosine kinase
MI
Myocardial infarction
miR21
MicroRNA-21
MIRI
Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury
MitoQ
Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone
MitoTEMPO
Mitochondrial-targeted TEMPO
mMCP–4
Mouse mast cell protease–4
MMP
Matrix metalloproteinase
MPO
Myeloperoxidase
Mφ
Macrophage
Ndufs4
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4
NE
Neutrophil elastase
NET
Neutrophil extracellular trap
NETosis
Neutrophil extracellular trap cell death
NGAL
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
NK
Natural killer
NLR
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
NP
Nanoparticle
P2X7
P2X purinoceptor 7
PAR2
Protease–activated receptor–2
pDC
Plasmacytoid DC
Que
Quercitrin
RC NP
Resveratrol–curcumin nanoparticle
RCM
Resident cardiac macrophages
ROS
Reactive oxygen specie
scRNA-seq
Single-cell RNA sequencing
SGLT2
Sodium-Glucose linked transporter 2
SLC25A53
Solute carrier family 25 member 53
SPM
Specialized pro-resolving mediator
STAT1
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
TGF-β
Transforming growth factor-beta
Th cell
T helper cell
TH⁺ neurons
Tyrosine hydroxylase
TLR
Toll-like receptor
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
Treg
Regulatory T cell
TREM2
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
TSLP
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
vWF
Willebrand factor
α-SMA
Alpha-smooth muscle actin
Myocardial infarction
Immune cells
Immune-targeted therapy
Inflammation
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