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In vivo photoacoustic imaging of swine ureters injected with methylene blue
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DOI：10.1117/1.JBO.31.3.036004.png)
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Abstract
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Significance Ureteral injuries represent a major concern during a range of surgical procedures, due to the proximity of the ureter to target surgical structures. Intraoperative identification of the ureter is critical to prevent this accidental damage. Aim We demonstrate the first known in vivo photoacoustic imaging of the ureter in swine following intravenous administration of FDA-approved methylene blue, enabled by a software-hardware integration that has not been previously reported in the literature. Approach Photoacoustic channel data from the ureters of two swine were acquired using a Vevo F2 ultrasound system and an Opotek Phocus Mobile laser. Images were beamformed using a delay-and-sum algorithm. Photoacoustic image quality was evaluated using contrast, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR) metrics, measured 10 to 80 min after methylene blue injection. Results Across the 10- to 80-min imaging window, median contrast (3.46-11.43 dB), SNR (2.84-6.99), and gCNR (0.27-0.64) confirmed sustained ureter visibility with methylene blue. Maximum image quality was observed 20- to 30-min after methylene blue injection, with significantly higher contrast, SNR, and gCNR values compared with earlier or later time points (p<0.05). Conclusions In vivo results demonstrate that methylene-blue-enhanced photoacoustic imaging can visualize the ureter over a time duration that is consistent with the length of surgical procedures, providing initial feasibility for real-time photoacoustic-guided surgery applications.
Keywords:
photoacoustic imaging
ureter
methylene blue
gynecology
urology
hysterectomy
renal biomarkers
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