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Influence of TiC Ceramic Reinforcement Size and Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Spark Plasma Sintered IN939-TiC Composites
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DOI：10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.08.146.png)
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Abstract
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The effect of TiC particle size and reinforcement content on the microstructure, densification, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered (SPS) IN939 composites was systematically investigated. The optimum SPS temperature for the unreinforced IN939 alloy was first determined by evaluating its influence on densification and microstructural evolution. Among the investigated conditions, 1000 °C produced near-full densification and the best combination of microstructural uniformity and mechanical properties and was therefore selected for fabricating the TiC-reinforced composites. Composites containing 2–6 wt.% nano- and micro-sized TiC particles were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, hardness, and compression testing. The results showed that both TiC particle size and content significantly affected densification, microstructure, and mechanical performance. Nano-sized TiC particles formed a uniform grain-boundary network that promoted grain refinement and high densification, whereas micro-sized TiC particles exhibited lower dispersion efficiency and greater particle agglomeration. The composite reinforced with 2 wt.% nano-TiC exhibited the optimum performance, achieving a relative density of 98.6%, a hardness of 730 HV, a compressive yield strength of 1060 MPa, and an ultimate compressive strength of 1330 MPa. Quantitative strengthening analysis identified grain-boundary strengthening as the dominant mechanism, while thermal-expansion-mismatch-induced dislocation strengthening provided an additional contribution in the nano-TiC composites. The predicted yield strengths agreed well with the experimental results, demonstrating that optimizing the SPS temperature together with the TiC particle size and reinforcement content is essential for maximizing the mechanical performance of SPS-fabricated IN939–TiC composites.
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