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<italic>κ</italic>-Carrageenan Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles With Reduced Graphene Oxide Bilayer Coated eFBG for Selective Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> Ions in Water
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DOI：10.1109/jsen.2026.3705566.png)
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Abstract
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This article presents a novel chemical-based sensor on an etched fiber Bragg grating (eFBG) functionalized with a composite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Carrageenan (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Carr) for the selective detection of copper(II) ions (Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in drinking water. An eco-friendly and green synthesis of AgNPs was achieved using a sonochemical method, where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Carr acted as a natural stabilizer and ultrasound served as the reducing agent. In this experiment, the sensor’s response to Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is analyzed. The Bragg wavelength exhibits a measurable blue-shift upon Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> binding, with magnitude proportional to the ion concentration. A maximum sensitivity of 23.48 pm/<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${10}^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>M is achieved, with a detection limit of 100 fM, indicating suitability for heavy metal ion monitoring. This blue-shift behavior is explained by a combination of refractive index (RI) modulation and composite aggregation effects. The sensor demonstrates high selectivity for Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> over other metal ions, attributed to the strong chelation of Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Carr-based coating. The sensor demonstrates a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\geq 94.4\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> recovery rate and robust stability, enabling reliable on-site Cu<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}^{{2}+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> detection in real drinking water with real-time capability.
Keywords:
Chemical sensing
copper ion sensor
fiber Bragg grating (FBG)
graphene oxide
refractive index (RI) sensor
refractometric sensor
silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
κ-Carrageenan (κ-Carr)
Journal
IF:
4.5
Papers:
2.1W
Citations:
7.3W
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Cited Papers