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Macroscopic entanglement distribution with atomic ensembles
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DOI：10.1016/j.aop.2026.170618.png)
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Abstract
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The distribution of entanglement is a crucial task for quantum communication towards realizing a globe-spanning quantum internet. Recently, a protocol for deterministic long-distance distribution of macroscopic entanglement over a network of ensembles of qubits was introduced [Adv. Quantum Technol. 2025, 8, 2400524]. It was shown that this protocol allows for the propagation of macroscopic amounts of entanglement with a protocol complexity that is independent on the ensemble size. However, questions remained on whether the scheme is viable, particularly for a large particle number, which is the case for realistic atomic ensembles. Here, we develop improved numerical techniques that allow the ideal, decoherence-free protocol to be calculated for ensemble sizes up to N∼106 with negligible loss of numerical accuracy. We also include collective Sz dephasing for finite systems up to N=30 , finding that moderate dephasing leaves the branch entanglement largely intact at the magic times, whereas stronger noise suppresses the entanglement. Our results demonstrate large- N scalability of the ideal protocol and provide finite-size benchmarks for its robustness under collective dephasing.
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