Mahakala: A Python-based Modular Ray-tracing and Radiative Transfer Algorithm for Curved Spacetimes

Aniket Sharma

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc104

2025-05-13

DOI：10.3847/1538-4357/adc104

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我们介绍Mahakala，一个基于Python的、模块化的、用于弯曲时空的辐射光线追踪代码。我们采用Google的JAX框架进行加速自动微分，该框架能够直接从度规高效计算克里斯托费尔符号，允许用户轻松且快速地模拟光子在非克尔时空中的轨迹。JAX还使Mahakala能够在CPU和GPU上并行运行。Mahakala原生使用笛卡尔克勒尔-希尔德坐标系，避免了球坐标系中因极点引起的数值问题。我们通过模拟低吸积率超大质量黑洞的一般相对论磁流体动力学模拟的1.3 mm波长图像（事件视界望远镜观测的波长）来展示Mahakala的能力。Mahakala的模块化特性使我们能够定量探索不同流区域如何影响不同的图像特征。我们表明，1.3 mm图像中观测到的绝大部分发射起源于黑洞附近，并在光子轨道附近达到峰值。我们还量化了盘、前向喷流和反向喷流对1.3 mm图像的相对贡献。

Keyword:

M87 EVENT HORIZON

BLACK-HOLE IMAGES

ADVECTION-DOMINATED ACCRETION

TELESCOPE RESULTS. VI.

PLUS CODE FRAMEWORK

MONTE-CARLO CODE

GRMHD SIMULATIONS

PUBLIC CODE

GEODESIC INTEGRATOR

PHOTON ORBITS

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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali

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