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Mechanisms of mast seeding: resources, weather, cues, and selection
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DOI：10.1111/nph.14114.png)
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Abstract
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<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Mast seeding is a widespread and widely studied phenomenon. However, the physiological mechanisms that mediate masting events and link them to weather and plant resources are still debated. Here, we explore how masting is affected by plant resource budgets, fruit maturation success, and hormonal coordination of cues including weather and resources. There is little empirical support for the commonly stated hypothesis that plants store carbohydrates over several years to expend in a high‐seed year. Plants can switch carbohydrates away from growth in high‐seed years, and seed crops are more probably limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Resources are clearly involved in the proximate mechanisms driving masting, but resource budget (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RB</jats:styled-content>) models cannot create masting in the absence of selection because some underlying selective benefit is required to set the level of a ‘full’ seed crop at greater than the annual resource increment. Economies of scale (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">EOS</jats:styled-content>s) provide the ultimate factor selecting for masting, but <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">EOS</jats:styled-content>s probably always interact with resources, which modify the relationship between weather cues and reproduction. Thus, <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RB</jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">EOS</jats:styled-content> models are not alternative explanations for masting – both are required. Experiments manipulating processes that affect mast seeding will help clarify the physiological mechanisms that underlie mast seeding.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position="anchor">
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<jats:th>Contents</jats:th>
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<jats:td/>
<jats:td>Summary</jats:td>
<jats:td>546</jats:td>
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<jats:td>I.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0002">Introduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>546</jats:td>
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<jats:td>II.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0003">Ultimate and proximate hypotheses for masting behaviour</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>547</jats:td>
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<jats:tr>
<jats:td>III.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0006">The role of plant resources in masting</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>548</jats:td>
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<jats:td>IV.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0011">Which resources limit seed set?</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>552</jats:td>
</jats:tr>
<jats:tr>
<jats:td>V.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0018">Pollination, fruit development, and masting</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>554</jats:td>
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<jats:tr>
<jats:td>VI.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0023">Hormonal control of seed set and masting</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>556</jats:td>
</jats:tr>
<jats:tr>
<jats:td>VII.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0026">Evolutionary perspectives on masting behaviour</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>558</jats:td>
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<jats:tr>
<jats:td>VIII.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0030">Unifying resource budget and economy of scale models of masting</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>558</jats:td>
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<jats:tr>
<jats:td>IX.</jats:td>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0031">Conclusions</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>559</jats:td>
</jats:tr>
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<jats:td/>
<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-sec-0032">Acknowledgements</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>559</jats:td>
</jats:tr>
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<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14114-bibl-0001">References</jats:ext-link></jats:td>
<jats:td>559</jats:td>
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</jats:table>
</jats:table-wrap></jats:p>
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