Mental models and human reasoning

P. N. Johnson‐Laird

doi:10.1073/pnas.1012933107

2010-10-18

322

P. N. Johnson‐Laird *

DOI：10.1073/pnas.1012933107

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摘要

En 中文

To be rational is to be able to reason. Thirty years ago psychologists believed that human reasoning depended on formal rules of inference akin to those of a logical calculus. This hypothesis ran into difficulties, which led to an alternative view: reasoning depends on envisaging the possibilities consistent with the starting point-a perception of the world, a set of assertions, a memory, or some mixture of them. We construct mental models of each distinct possibility and derive a conclusion from them. The theory predicts systematic errors in our reasoning, and the evidence corroborates this prediction. Yet, our ability to use counterexamples to refute invalid inferences provides a foundation for rationality. On this account, reasoning is a simulation of the world fleshed out with our knowledge, not a formal rearrangement of the logical skeletons of sentences.

Keyword:

abduction

deduction

induction

logic

rationality

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期刊

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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9.1

论文数:

10.8W

被引数:

73.5W

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