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Microneedle-based theranostics for melanoma: Advances and outlook
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DOI：10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103054.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Melanoma represents a highly aggressive malignancy that poses persistent challenges for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Although surgical intervention remains the primary therapeutic approach, the potential risk of postoperative recurrence and surgical complications underscores the critical importance of adjuvant therapies. Microneedles (MNs), as a promising drug delivery device, utilize micron-sized needle arrays to penetrate the skin's stratum corneum, achieving precise drug delivery. Furthermore, MNs can effectively extract biomarkers from interstitial fluid (ISF), holding great potential for early disease screening and point-of-care testing (POCT). This review systematically summarizes the classification and advanced design strategies of MNs, alongside the latest progress in nano-integrated MN platforms for melanoma diagnosis and treatment. The advantages and limitations of novel therapies, as well as the synergistic mechanisms underlying combination treatments, are discussed in detail. Finally, we explore the major challenges in clinical translation, such as large-scale manufacturing and regulatory hurdles, while outlining future directions, including multi-stimuli responsive designs and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in MN fabrication and application.
Keywords:
Melanoma
Microneedles
Nanocarrier
Biosensing
Transdermal drug delivery
Synergistic therapy
Microneedles
MNs
Skin interstitial fluid
ISF
Photothermal therapy
PTT
Photodynamic therapy
PDT
Chemodynamic therapy
CDT
Point-of-care testing
POCT
Nanoparticles
NPs
Lipid nanoparticles
LNPs
Ultraviolet
UV
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
ZIF-8
Doxorubicin
DOX
N-infrared
NIR
Tumor microenvironment
TME
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
PVP
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
PVA
Hyaluronic acid
HA
Glutathione
GSH
Antigen-presenting cells
APCs
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SERS
Tyrosinase
TYR
Extracellular matrix
ECM
Limit of detection
LOD
Dopamine
DA
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
CRISPR
Ribonucleoproteins
RNPs
Immune checkpoint blockade
ICB
Adoptive cell therapy
ACT
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
ICIs
Tumor cell vaccines
TCVs
Dendritic cell
DC
Programmed Death-Ligand 1
PD-L1
Reactive oxygen species
ROS
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
TILs
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4
CTLA-4
Hydrogen
H2
Effector T cells
Teff
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
Oxygen
O2
5-fluorouracil
5-Fu
Paclitaxel
PTX
Camptothecin
CPT
Solid lipid nanoparticles
SLNs
Damage-associated molecular patterns
DAMPs
Carbon monoxide
CO
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
Ovalbumin
OVA
Multidrug resistance
MDR
Artificial intelligence
AI
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
VEGF
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HIF-1α
Immunogenic cell death
ICD
Anti-PD-L1
aPD-L1
Regulatory T cells
Tregs
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