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Modeling large-scale live video streaming client behavior
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DOI：10.1007/s00530-021-00788-4.png)
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Abstract
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The live streaming of large-scale events over the Internet attracts a highly diverse audience. Despite the progress in streaming technologies, which employ adaptive bitrate to dynamically adjust the streaming of individual clients to reflect their resource availability, content providers still struggle to efficiently match provisioned capacity and demand in such events. In this paper, we present an in-depth characterization and modeling of client behavior during the live streaming of the 2018 FIFA World Soccer Cup. We analyze logs covering more than 60 million streaming sessions collected from servers of one of the major content providers in Latin America. We characterize key features of the workload, such as the number and duration of sessions as well as transmission quality (i.e., bitrate), shedding new light on the workload of a major content provider during a unique large-scale streaming event. We then propose a simple hierarchical model to describe the typical behavior of individual clients both at the session and video bitrate adaptation layers. Taking a step further, we employ non-supervised clustering to identify classes of client behavior and generate specialized models, one for each class. Our evaluation shows that the specialized models are more accurate compared to the single general model, as it can better describe the diversity of client behavior patterns.
Keywords:
Adaptive live streaming
Large-scale event
Internet measurements
Workload characterization
User behavior
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