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Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica in poultry farms of eastern Saudi Arabia and its transmission to humans and the environment
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DOI：10.3389/fmicb.2026.1904868.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a major threat to poultry production and public health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence; resistance patterns; and potential transmission of MDR Salmonella in poultry farms of Eastern Saudi Arabia and its spread to humans and the environment. A total of 480 samples were collected from cloacal swabs; internal organs; eggs; feed; water; and farm workers; including 30 samples from non-exposed controls. Salmonella was detected in 64 of 450 exposed samples with a prevalence of 14.2%; and in 9 of 60 exposed workers at 15.0%; while no isolates were found in non-exposed controls. The multidrug resistance rate was 93.8% (60/64); with ampicillin resistance at 96.9%. Twelve serovars were identified; dominated by S. Kentucky; S. typhimurium; and S. enteritidis. Multivariable analysis showed that water was the strongest independent risk factor for Salmonella positivity with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.2; and S. Kentucky was the strongest predictor of MDR with an odds ratio of 5.6. Whole genome sequencing of 20 isolates revealed three dominant clones: ST19; ST198; and ST11. Human; water; and poultry isolates within the same sequence type differed by 0 to 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms; providing genomic evidence consistent with recent transmission between poultry farms; water sources; and farm workers. IncHI2 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-15 and qnrS1 drove resistance dissemination. These findings indicate that MDR Salmonella circulates extensively in Eastern Saudi Arabia poultry farms and are consistent with transmission to humans and the environment through contaminated water and high-risk clones.
Keywords:
transmission
whole genome sequencing
Salmonella enterica
water
multidrug resistance
poultry farms
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4.5
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16.6W
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