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Multiplicative topological phases
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DOI：10.1038/s42005-022-01022-x.png)
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Topological phases of matter are novel phases that are locally indistinguishable from insulating phases, but have exotic fractional excitations and carry current at the sample edges. In this manuscript, the authors use symmetry in an interesting way to uncover new classes of multiplicative topological phases. Symmetry-protected topological phases of matter have challenged our understanding of condensed matter systems and harbour exotic phenomena promising to address major technological challenges. Considerable understanding of these phases of matter has been gained recently by considering additional protecting symmetries, different types of quasiparticles, and systems out of equilibrium. Here, we show that symmetries could be enforced not just on full Hamiltonians, but also on their components. We construct a large class of previously unidentified multiplicative topological phases of matter characterized by tensor product Hilbert spaces similar to the Fock space of multiple particles. To demonstrate our methods, we introduce multiplicative topological phases of matter based on the foundational Hopf and Chern insulator phases, the multiplicative Hopf and Chern insulators (MHI and MCI), respectively. The MHI shows the distinctive properties of the parent phases as well as non-trivial topology of a child phase. We also comment on a similar structure in topological superconductors as these multiplicative phases are protected in part by particle-hole symmetry. The MCI phase realizes topologically protected gapless states that do not extend from the valence bands to the conduction bands for open boundary conditions, which respects to the symmetries protecting topological phase. The band connectivity discovered in MCI could serve as a blueprint for potential multiplicative topology with exotic properties.
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