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Numerical simulations of asymmetric wind-driven rain on airflow and smoke dynamics in tunnel fires
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DOI：10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106551.png)
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Abstract
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• Interaction between tunnel fire and asymmetric wind-driven rain (WDR) simulated. • Effects of crosswind speed, rainfall intensity, raindrop size, and fire location analyzed. • Flow field characteristics influenced by rainfall, crosswind and WDR compared. • Smoke back-layering and stratification under varying WDR conditions revealed. • Vortex-induced smoke accumulation near WDR-affected tunnel portals identified.
Keywords:
Wind-driven rain
Tunnel fires
Rainfall effects
Crosswind effects
Induced airflow
Smoke movement
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