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Numerical study on whipping response of a 21,000TEU ultra-large container ship in harsh waves by coupling CFD-MBD method
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DOI：10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2026.104593.png)
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Abstract
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To investigate the whipping characteristics of a 21,000TEU ultra-large container ship under severe wave conditions, a novel hydroelastic prediction framework is developed by coupling Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) techniques. Within this framework, the fluid domain is resolved using the open-source solver OpenFOAM, whereas the structural dynamics are computed with MBDyn. Bidirectional exchange of fluid–structure interface data is achieved through the preCICE coupling library. The proposed methodology is validated through numerical convergence tests and further verified against corresponding experimental measurements. Subsequently, the whipping responses of the 21,000TEU ultra-large container ship are simulated, and the influences of wavelength, wave height, forward speed, and backbone beam stiffness on the midship vertical bending moment are systematically examined. Results indicate that for the working conditions simulated in this paper, the whipping component of the midship vertical bending moment diminishes when the wavelength-to-ship-length ratio exceeds 1.0. An increase in wave height induces pronounced nonlinear behavior in the midship vertical bending moment. The influence of forward velocity exhibits a critical phenomenon, whereby the whipping response does not increase monotonically with vessel velocity. Moreover, greater backbone beam stiffness elevates the hull’s natural frequencies and reduces its global flexibility, thereby amplifying the whipping component of the midship vertical bending moment.
Keywords:
whipping response
ultra-large container ship
CFD-MBD coupling
hydroelasticity
vertical bending moment
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