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Earth's ocean is losing oxygen; since the mid-20th century, 1%-2% of the global ocean oxygen inventory has been lost, and over 700 coastal sites have reported new or worsening low-oxygen conditions. This ocean deoxygenation'' is increasing and of great concern because of the potential magnitude of adverse changes to both global and localmarine ecosystems. Oxygen is fundamental for life and biogeochemical processes in the ocean. In coastal and shelf regions and semi-enclosed seas, over-fertilization of waters largely from agriculture, sewage, and airborne sources creates algal blooms that die and decay, consuming oxygen. Globally, climate warming both exacerbates the problems from eutrophication and reduces the introduction of oxygen to the interior of the ocean. We discuss mechanisms, scale, assessments, projections, and impacts, including impacts to human well-being, at the individual, community, and ecosystem levels. Deoxygenation together with other stressors presents a major environmental challenge to sustainability and human use of the ocean.
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OXYGEN
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15.3
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收藏Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models21世纪海洋生态系统的多重压力源: CMIP5模型的预测.png)
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