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Optimizing On-Demand Bus Services for Remote Areas
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DOI：10.3390/su15097264.png)
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This study proposes on-demand bus services for remote areas with low transit demand, incorporating travelers' willingness to pay and values of time. To jointly optimize the on-demand service of overlapping bus routes, we construct a bi-level model. The upper-level model (UM) optimizes bus departure frequency in different time windows and ticket prices of on-demand services to minimize the total generalized cost, subject to travelers' willingness to pay for on-demand services. The lower-level model (LM) calculates the probability of travelers choosing on-demand stops. A numerical analysis based on Meishan Island data in Ningbo indicates that with on-demand bus services, the total generalized cost incurred by buses and travelers can be reduced by 30.36% and 15.35% during rush and off-rush hours, respectively. Additionally, the waiting time at an on-demand bus stop is only 4.3 min during rush hours and 6.8 min during off-rush hours.
Keyword:
on-demand bus
willingness to pay
overlapping bus routes
bi-level model
remote areas
期刊
IF:
3.3
论文数:
10.7W
被引数:
28.4W
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