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Pack titanizing on UNS G15130 steel using recycled machining chips: Conventional resistive furnace vs. microwave hybrid heating
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DOI：10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133682.png)
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Abstract
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• Recycled Ti machining chips used as source powder in pack titanizing • Microwave heating yields thicker Ti(C,N)-based ceramic coatings on steel. • Conventional heating favors FeTi mixed oxide formation and roughness. • Microwave route achieved ~42% lower energy and ~ 53% better efficiency per unit coating thickness. • Superior electrochemical stability achieved under microwave processing.
Keywords:
Titanizing coatings
Recycled machining chips
Microwave hybrid heating
Ti(C,N)
Surface engineering
Electrochemical corrosion
Energy efficiency
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