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Parallel electrophysiological and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations during stroop task performance in major depressive disorder: a simultaneous EEG-fNIRS study
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DOI：10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1884169.png)
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Abstract
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IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with executive-control deficits; yet the simultaneous electrophysiological and hemodynamic correlates of Stroop-task performance remain incompletely characterized. This study investigated parallel neural and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations during cognitive conflict processing using simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).MethodsTwenty-two patients with MDD and twenty-one healthy controls completed a color-word Stroop task while EEG and fNIRS were recorded simultaneously. Behavioral performance; stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components; oscillatory activity; and prefrontal region-of-interest (ROI) hemoglobin responses were analyzed using group × condition mixed-design analysis of variance.ResultsCompared with healthy controls; patients with MDD showed impaired behavioral performance together with altered ERP components; oscillatory activity; and prefrontal hemoglobin responses during Stroop-task performance; indicating concurrent electrophysiological and hemodynamic abnormalities associated with executive-control dysfunction.DiscussionThese findings support the presence of parallel task-related electrophysiological and prefrontal hemodynamic alterations in MDD during cognitive conflict processing. Larger prospective studies incorporating trial-level reliability metrics; channel-wise fNIRS analyses; and clinical covariates are warranted to further validate these observations.
Keywords:
EEG
major depressive disorder
event-related potentials
fNIRS
executive control
stroop task
prefrontal hemodynamics
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