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Performance Analysis of a Hybrid-Structured Switched-Capacitor Equalizer for Battery Energy Storage Systems
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DOI：10.1109/jestpe.2026.3688964.png)
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Abstract
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Switched-capacitor equalizers have emerged as a research hotspot among active cell voltage equalizers due to their simple control, low cost, and higher efficiency. However, existing switched-capacitor (SC) equalizers suffer from low balancing speed (BS), high effective resistance, and bulky volume. By figuring out the above shortcomings, this article proposes a hybrid-structured SC equalizer (HSSCE) to attain a tradeoff between balancing performance, volume, and cost. The HSSCE improves the BS compared to existing SC equalizers by utilizing multiple optimal balancing paths to enable adjacent-cell-to-cell and any-cell-to-any-cell equalization, requiring only <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2(n{\,}-{\,}1){\,}+{\,}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switched capacitors for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cells. An effective resistance model for the proposed equalizer is derived in both slow and fast switching limits, allowing performance analysis for different switching frequencies. A comprehensive power loss model is also developed, incorporating conduction loss, switching loss, and gate driver loss. The HSSCE is compared with existing active cell equalizers to evaluate its performance by considering efficiency, cost, size, effective resistance, and BS. An experimental prototype featuring four cells connected in series is constructed. Theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the performance of the proposed equalizer. A peak efficiency of 94.2% is achieved in the balancing process.
Keywords:
Battery equalizers
battery management systems (BMS)
fast switching limit (FSL)
hybrid structure
slow switching limit (SSL)
switched capacitor equalizer (SCE)
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