Physical AI: Evolution, Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

Wu, En-Hua

doi:10.1007/s11390-026-6258-x

Physical AI: Evolution, Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

2026-04-01

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AI

W

Wu, En-Hua *

柳

柳有权 (Liu, You-Quan) *

DOI：10.1007/s11390-026-6258-x

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Recent advancements in deep learning, high-fidelity simulation, and robotic hardware have propelled significant progress in Physical Artificial Intelligence (AI). This field marks a revolutionary step in the evolution of AI by combining the precision of physical laws with the adaptability of machine learning. In this paper, we review the development of Physical AI and its taxonomy by examining the relevant literature, categorizing it into three sub-domains: Physical-Informed AI, Generative Physical AI, and Embodied AI. These sub-domains primarily tackle scientific and engineering challenges, create physics-plausible scenarios, and enable robots or autonomous vehicles to interact with the physical world. This approach also addresses the questions of how to perceive, generate, and interact with the physical world by integrating physics with AI algorithms. Additionally, we discuss related benchmarks and datasets. Finally, we outline the current challenges and propose potential opportunities for future research.

Keyword:

Physical AI

Physical-Informed AI

Generative AI

Embodied AI

physical simulation

Physical AI: Evolution, Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

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