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Pore-scale framework for simulating freezing and thawing of saturated granular soils
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DOI：10.1016/j.compgeo.2026.108494.png)
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Abstract
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A comprehensive pore-scale framework for simulating freezing and thawing in saturated granular soils is presented. The proposed framework consists of three components: (i) an enthalpy-based lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for solving phase-change problems, (ii) a geometric algorithm for estimating the depressed phase-change temperature through the Gibbs-Thomson relation, and (iii) a systematic treatment of ice nucleation. The framework was verified against an analytical solution and validated using experimental Soil Freezing Characteristic Curves (SFCCs) measured for sandy and silty soils. The good agreement with both benchmarks demonstrates the robustness of the developed framework. A parametric study examining the effects of freezing direction, grain size distribution, porosity, and freezing/thawing rate on the SFCC further highlights the capability of the framework to capture key pore-scale mechanisms governing freezing and thawing behavior in saturated granular soils. Overall, the developed framework provides a foundation for linking pore-scale freezing and thawing mechanisms to the corresponding macroscopic response, while supporting future multiscale thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling.
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