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Preservation of Physicochemical Properties in Freeze-Dried Betaine-Glucose Eutectic-Based Curcumin Niosomes using Mannitol as Cryoprotectant
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DOI：10.17576/jsm-2026-5504-01.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study investigates the preservation of physicochemical properties in freeze-dried eutectic-based curcumin niosomes using mannitol. Three niosomes' formulations, incorporating various natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) alongside a blank formulation devoid of NADES, were subjected to freeze-drying processes. The particle size (Z-average), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential of the freeze-dried niosomes were assessed upon rehydration. Niosomes were prepared with varying concentrations of the cryoprotectant, mannitol, relative to non-ionic surfactants. Although the pharmaceutical potential of curcumin niosomes is recognized, this research focuses on the specific synergy between the internal BET-GLU NADES core and the external mannitol in maintaining niosome integrity after lyophilization. The incorporation of mannitol markedly improved the physicochemical properties of the freeze-dried eutectic-based niosomes. The use of BET-GLU NADES in the niosome formulation resulted in a reduction in particle size from 870.0 +/- 15.52 nm to 418.07 +/- 5.95 nm, concomitant with a decrease in PDI from 0.34 +/- 0.016 to 0.12 +/- 0.04. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency of curcumin in the BG-NADES formulation was 75.75 +/- 6.12%, which was higher than the blank formulation (37.52 f 2.19%). The synergistic addition of 10 g/g of mannitol was identified as the most effective concentration, further increasing entrapment efficiency to 93.24 +/- 3.21%. Additionally, the zeta potential slightly increased in the negative direction from-38.87 +/- 0.32 mV to-45.33 +/- 3.99 mV with the incorporation of mannitol. The in vitro drug-release profiles, demonstrating sustained-release kinetics, and the antioxidant assays indicated preserved activity. This study highlights the critical synergistic role of mannitol and NADES in preserving the physicochemical properties of freeze-dried eutectic-based curcumin niosomes, providing a precise framework for stable nano-delivery systems.
Keywords:
Cryoprotectant
curcumin
drug delivery
freeze-drying
niosomes
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