Programmable soft matter: Shaping function

doi:10.1016/j.matt.2025.102526

Programmable soft matter: Shaping function

2026-01-07

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DOI：10.1016/j.matt.2025.102526

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Living systems exhibit remarkable multifunctionality through dynamic changes in shape that allow adaptation to evolving environments. This review examines how similar shape-morphing capabilities are being programmed into synthetic soft materials to enable autonomous responsiveness. We focus particularly on polymeric systems, classifying these materials according to the origin of the energy driving deformation—extrinsically responsive, stored-energy, and intrinsically responsive systems—and discuss how this framework connects mechanical design to emergent functionality. Each class demonstrates different routes to the integration of mechanisms for sensing, feedback, and adaptability into materials that respond to environmental changes without external computation or human input.

Programmable soft matter: Shaping function

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