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Psychological Empowerment on the Streets: Designing and Validating Multisensory Experiences in Simulated Autonomous Driving
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DOI：10.1111/nyas.70305.png)
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Abstract
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Driving is evolving from a transportation task into a rich, multisensory experience in automated vehicles. This study developed and evaluated three multisensory solutions combining music with synchronized vibrotactile stimulation for autonomous driving contexts: safe (city driving), engagement (highway cruising), and entertainment (highway entry). Eighteen healthy adult drivers experienced three context–solution pairs presented in music only (M) and music with vibration (MV) modalities with simulated autonomous driving scenarios. Participants’ responses were measured using self-assessment manikin (SAM) ratings and electroencephalography (EEG). A significant main effect of modality showed that MV led to greater pleasure than M (EEG: p < 0.05; SAM: p < 0.05), with arousal showing a similar pattern (EEG: p < 0.05; SAM: p = 0.099). Behavioral data showed different emotional profiles across the three context−solution pairs (p < 0.001 for pleasure, arousal, and dominance), whereas the EEG contrast, which subtracted the video-only condition, showed no significant pair effect. These findings demonstrate that vibrotactile enhancement provides consistent emotional benefits across diverse driving contexts. Because each musical solution was paired with a unique driving scenario, these differences cannot be attributed solely to the music intervention. Future optimization of music and vibrotactile parameters may further enhance the autonomous driving experience.
Keywords:
autonomous driving
electroencephalography
multisensory stimulation
music
psychological empowerment
vibration
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