R $$^2$$ ComSync: improving code-comment synchronization with in-context learning and reranking

doi:10.1007/s10664-025-10800-4

R $$^2$$ ComSync: improving code-comment synchronization with in-context learning and reranking

2026-02-25

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Pak Yuen Patrick Chan

DOI：10.1007/s10664-025-10800-4

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Code-Comment Synchronization (CCS) aims to synchronize the comments with code changes in an automated fashion, thereby significantly reducing the workload of developers during software maintenance and evolution. While previous studies have proposed various solutions that have shown success, they often exhibit limitations, such as a lack of generalization ability or the need for extensive task-specific learning resources. This motivates us to investigate the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in this area. However, a pilot analysis proves that LLMs fall short of State-Of-The-Art (SOTA) CCS approaches because (1) they lack instructive demonstrations for In-Context Learning (ICL) and (2) many correct-prone candidates are not prioritized. To tackle the above challenges, we propose R $$^2$$ ComSync, an ICL-based code-Comment Synchronization approach enhanced with Retrieval and Re-ranking. Specifically, R $$^2$$ ComSync carries corresponding two novelties: (1) Ensemble hybrid retrieval. It equally considers the similarity in both code-comment semantics and change patterns when retrieval, thereby creating ICL prompts with effective examples. (2) Multi-turn re-ranking strategy. We derived three significant rules through large-scale CCS sample analysis. Given the inference results of LLMs, it progressively exploits three re-ranking rules to prioritize relatively correct-prone candidates. We evaluate R $$^2$$ ComSync using five recent LLMs on three CCS datasets covering both Java and Python programming languages, and make comparisons with five SOTA approaches. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of R $$^{2}$$ ComSync against other approaches. Moreover, both quantitative and qualitative analyses provide compelling evidence that the comments synchronized by our proposal exhibit significantly higher quality.

Keywords:

Code-comment synchronization

Large language models

In-context learning

Multi-turn Re-ranking

R $$^2$$ ComSync: improving code-comment synchronization with in-context learning and reranking

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