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Rapid hotspot and quench detections in insulated HTS coil using quasi-continuous FBG sensors
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DOI：10.1088/1361-6668/ae51c7.png)
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Abstract
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Insulated high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils enable precise and rapid control of magnetic fields, which are essential in applications such as high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging systems, high-power rotating machinery, power transformers, and fusion energy devices. However, these coils are highly susceptible to quench events due to their slow quench propagation velocity, limited current-sharing capability, and poor heat dissipation. If a hot spot is not detected early, it can initiate a quench and subsequent thermal runaway, potentially causing catastrophic failure in costly superconducting systems. Traditional voltage-based quench detection methods are vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and often fail to identify a quench over long conductor lengths. This paper presents a novel approach that involves co-winding a quasi-continuous optical fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensor alongside HTS tape in a pancake coil configuration. The coil is first characterized for normal superconducting operation in a stable cryogenic environment and then subjected to a series of tests to assess the sensor’s performance in detecting hotspots, quench events, and electromagnetic strains at 77 K. Experimental results demonstrate that the co-wound FBG sensors detected subtle temperature variation within the coil, which could not be detected by conventional temperature sensors surrounding it. Furthermore, FBG sensors enabled early hotspot detection by providing spatially continuous measurements and delivering valuable warnings before a quench began, thereby helping to prevent thermal runaway. Finally, the FBG sensors embedded within the coil turns can also detect the strain induced by Lorentz force, providing a useful means to diagnose, understand and optimize both insulated and non-insulated coil designs.
Keywords:
quench detection
optical fibre Bragg grating sensors
high-temperature superconducting coils
hotspot monitoring
cryogenic systems
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